Relatively little is known about the physical effects of krokodil. With this review we present more insight into oral health problems associated with krokodil use and how the use of this drug could influence dental and oral- and maxillofacial treatment. Methods The online electronic databases Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Google scholar were searched for articles concerning desomorphine or krokodil and oral side effects or pathology.
Reference lists of included articles were manually screened for additional publications. Results Thirteen articles were included in this review. In total patients were described in the included publications, mainly retrospective clinical case series and case reports.
Eleven studies reported on osteonecrosis of the jaw and two studies reported on other physical and oral side effects associated with desomorphine abuse. Conclusion Osteonecrosis of the maxillofacial bones is a serious and mutilating oral side effect associated with krokodil use.
Other oral aspects associated with its use include mucosal changes, high risk of caries and periodontitis. In addition, physical effects of the drug, which indirectly can affect oral health, have also been described. The use of the drug krokodil can interfere with dental and oral- and maxillofacial treatment. Desomorphine Krokodil : An overview of its chemistry, pharmacology, metabolism, toxicology and analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend ; Gevaarlijke designer drug 'krokodil' voor het eerst in Nederland.
Pharmaceutisch Weekblad Wetenschappelijk Platform ; 7: Lethal endomyocarditis caused by chronic "Krokodil'' intoxication. Forensic Sci Med Pathol ; Synthetic substances with morphine-like effect: clinical experience; potency, side-effects, addiction liability. Bull World Health Organ ; 17 : Lemon T I. Homemade heroin substitute causing hallucinations. Radiological diagnosis of facial osteonecrosis in patients taking desomorphine.
Radiological diagnosis of osteonecrosis in desomorphine-associated patients. Hakobyan K, Poghosyan Y. Spontaneous bone formation after mandible segmental resection in "krokodil" drug-related jaw osteonecrosis patient: case report.
Oral Maxillofac Surg ; Spontaneous closure of bilateral oro-antral communication formed after maxillary partial resection in "krokodil" drug related jaw osteonecrosis patient: case report. New Armenian Med J ; The use of buccal fat pad in surgical treatment of 'Krokodil' drug-related osteonecrosis of maxilla. J Craniomaxillofac Surg ; Surgical treatment of jaw osteonecrosis in "Krokodil" drug addicted patients.
Complex radiological diagnosis of osteonecrosis in desomorphine dependent patients. Complex radiological diagnosis of osteonecrosis in patients taking desomorphine in the preand postoperative periods. Hakobyan K A. The state of oral cavity in drug addicted patients with jaw osteonecrosis who use the drug "Crocodile" desomorphine. Methods The online electronic databases Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Google scholar were searched for articles concerning desomorphine or krokodil and oral side effects or pathology.
Reference lists of included articles were manually screened for additional publications. Results Thirteen articles were included in this review. In total patients were described in the included publications, mainly retrospective clinical case series and case reports. Eleven studies reported on osteonecrosis of the jaw and two studies reported on other physical and oral side effects associated with desomorphine abuse. And with many veterans on staff, we follow a philosophy that is all about veterans serving veterans.
Here, you will get to work with your fellow service members to understand just what it means to recover from addictions to opioids, alcohol, etc. If you are ready to leave the krokodil addiction behind, give us a call at Not quite feeling ready to talk? Please note: For medical emergencies, please call For other urgent matters, please call our admissions line Submissions after-hours, weekends, or holidays may experience a longer response time.
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