To me it is the most important and attractive accessory. Because it is all about expressing your happy and positive feelings. And even better, it also brings happiness to others.
It is an expression that defines one person's feelings. A smile is a facial expression formed primarily by flexing the muscles at the sides of the mouth. But this is only part of an overall facial expression. You also use your eyes and your eyebrows. As a result, you can do a nasty smile, a genuine smile of caring, happiness or love. This is because when you see a person smiling it usually makes you want to smile as well; it's contagious.
Smiling is a kind of strength that can be used in difficult situations. A smile can help with confidence. The next time you must deal with a difficult situation try a little smile and see does it help reduce your stress levels. Look at yourself in the mirror and smile.
That would make a big difference. Your smile is a good friend, and it will never disappoint you. Responses consisted of choosing between "good," represented with a smiling face, or "bad," represented with a frowning face. She presents this to you; you smilingly wear it, and, still smiling, show it to ten of your friends outside. She turns and smiles at any man who'll lift his head.
He smiled now, showing off the gold caps on his teeth. Pace and mood may be set with smiles, jokes, frowns, exclamations, and volume, rapidity, or intonation of speech. The hypocritical smiles are cracking the overdone make-up of its faces and facades held uneasily by feeble cardboard props. Psychologists also find that responses to these surveys are ' validated ' fairly consistently by psychological measures of happiness, such as respondents smiling more.
The woman smiles back at them confidently and walks away, which indicates that it is no big deal for her - she has done it before. As his wife saw glimpses of her husband's personality emerge, she wept and smiled, encouraging and reassuring him.
One smiles at the attempt to make the false attribution more credible by embroidering it with a year of composition and place of performance. See all examples of smile. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Translations of smile in Chinese Traditional.
See more. Need a translator? Translator tool. What is the pronunciation of smile? Browse smelting. Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes. Observers are aware that only the final choice matters. At the end of the game, both participants are asked to fill out a questionnaire and told that only complete questionnaires will be accepted. They are able to see the outcome of the game only after completing this final task. To ensure accuracy, the experimenter additionally double-checks the outcome of the game for each dyad.
All three studies took place in two cities. Among pairs, 30 While it is possible that culture differences exist between Brazil and the United States, care was taken to ensure that there were no noticeable dissimilarities in the materials, procedure or instruction sets.
Importantly, no differences in the outcome of the game were detected between locations. Conceptually, this task presents three unique characteristics compared to past tasks conducted in the literature.
The following three studies use the Face X Game to assess the role of strategic facial emotion expression and contextual factors on dyadic interactions.
Study 1 focuses on the outcome of the game itself, study 2 examines the strategic display of facial emotion expressions, and study 3 investigates the role of contextual factors. Exact procedures used in each of the studies can be found in Supplementary Material. One hundred sixty-four undergraduate students Prior to the beginning of the study all participants were given a consent form to read and sign pending agreement.
Participants in each experimental session were randomly paired, assigned to either the role of player or observer, and instructed to play the Face X Game. At the end of the game, all participants completed a short survey. We also gathered information about their personality traits and their affective states during the game. Following the recommendation of some statisticians, we did not correct for multiple comparisons while analyzing data, since we report all of the individual p -values Rothman, ; Saville, Statistical analyses uncovered two intriguing findings.
First, out of the 82 pairs, observers only won the game 31 times. Put another way, In short, contrary to the bulk of findings in the emotion expression literature demonstrating that observers perform slightly better than chance on average Kraut, ; Vrij, ; Bond and De Paulo, , our first study shows that players were more likely to win at this non-verbal zero-sum game.
Players won more frequently when the pair was comprised of at least one female. The only condition in which observers were more frequent winners was when two men played against each another see Table 1 -study 1.
TABLE 1. Frequency and percentage of winners in the Face X Game across the studies. Assuming that performance is at least somewhat related to the facial emotion expressions displayed since it is a non-verbal procedure , it is possible that individual variation in facial expressions led to the observed results.
Judging a smile as genuine is the normative judgment. A true smile denotes positive feelings or intentions Niedenthal et al. One may argue that, since this is a competitive game and not representative of a naturalistic situation, observers might simply adjust their beliefs and start guessing that smiles indicate an attempted deception. However, as mentioned above, participants were given no indication that players would be trying to deceive observers via facial expressions.
We therefore argue that observers have kept their prior belief, i. What is more, women tend to encode facial expressions of emotion better than men Fujita et al. This could explain in part why female players had such an advantage over observers.
For example, female players may have also smiled after receiving a stimulus with negative valence. Whereas observers both male and female might hold on to their contextual beliefs that smiles are the representation of a stimulus with positive valence, female players in this task were able to systematically mislead observers. Since the lone condition where observers won more frequently Several studies indicate that men do smile less in the presence of other men LaFrance et al.
One possible explanation for this behavior is that smiling norms are more apparent when people interact with partners of the same sex. Men smile less in the presence of other men because any expression that does not include a smile is often classified as more dominant than an expression containing a smile Keating, Consequently, male players in our study may have engaged in dominance-seeking in the presence of male observers, which caused them to smile less under these conditions.
However, in the presence of female observers, it is likely that this attitude changes, causing male players to smile more compared to when they are paired with male observers. A short survey was given at the end that sought game-related information e. None of these control variables had any impact on the outcome of the game in study 1. Therefore, it is impossible to conclusively determine whether smiles indeed varied by condition. Further, given the sample size per sex-pair, it is worth further assessing the robustness of these findings.
Study 2 tackles the issues above. The purpose of study 2 is twofold. First, it tests the robustness of the findings observed in study 1 for same-sex pairs.
We focus on same-sex pairs because that is where differences in emotion expression, and particularly smiles, are most pronounced. In an extensive meta-analysis, LaFrance et al. One hundred fifty-eight undergraduate students The procedure closely paralleled study 1. Participants were randomly paired, assigned to their roles as player or observer, and instructed to the play the Face X Game. Study 1 and study 2 differed in two primary ways. First, in this study, only same-sex pairs were formed.
To keep the flow identical during and after the game to both players and observers, we also asked players to report what emotion they thought they had expressed, as well as how genuine they thought their expression appeared to be to observers. The same four seven-point scales were used. At the end of the game, all participants filled out a questionnaire. Two new questions were inserted: Their preferred role if they could choose i.
The mediator variable is the in congruency index. When female players and observers played against one another, players won the game more frequently, replicating the pattern of results from study 1. Among male pairs, however, players won only A GLM Univariate Analysis was conducted to explore if the congruency of facial emotion expression varies by the sex of the pair male vs.
Among male pairs, however, there was no difference between these two means. Preliminary analyses were performed to ensure no violation of the assumptions of normality, linearity and homoscedasticity. Error bars represent standard errors. An index was created to assess congruency or incongruency between the valence of the card and the emotion expression of the observer. A one-sample t -test was conducted to compare the incongruency scores with zero in each group.
Of importance, a mediation analysis was also conducted to assess whether this difference in congruency could at least in part explain the impact of sex on the outcome of the game. The relationship between sex of the pair and winner of the game was mediated by the in congruency index of the emotion expression i.
The indirect effect was tested using a bootstrap estimation approach with samples. Female players were more likely to express a signal that was incongruent with the card, which in turn increased their chance of winning the game.
Mediation analysis — study 2. Statistics — coefficient SE , p -value. Normal theory test is not allowed for models with dichotomous outcomes Preacher and Hayes, Another mediation analysis was performed with sex as the IV, the perceived authenticity as the mediator, and the outcome of the game as the DV.
In line with the pattern obtained previously, results indicated that perceived authenticity did not mediate the impact of sex on the outcome of the game.
This trend was, however, non-significant. More interestingly, and in line with study 1, players performed significantly better than observers among female pairs. Despite these observations, facial expressions enjoyment smiles, non-enjoyment smiles, and neutral expressions from female players are generally perceived as more approachable Miles, and women may be perceived more favorably when smiling Hack, It is worth noting that women typically smile more often than men when social tension is high Hall and Halberstadt, With reference to the above, it is possible that participants in this task did feel some degree of tension while staring at their partner.
Reward smiles involve a lot of sensory stimuli. Muscles in the mouth and cheeks are both activated, as are muscles in the eye and brow areas. More positive input from the senses increases the good feelings and leads to better reinforcement of the behavior.
Dopamine is a feel-good chemical. People also use smiles to reassure others, to be polite, and to communicate trustworthiness, belonging, and good intentions. A gentle smile is often perceived as a sign of compassion , for example. These smiles involve the upward pull of the lips, and according to researchers, often trigger dimpling in the cheeks.
According to research , affiliative smiles can also include a lip pressor, where the lips remain closed during the smile. Keeping the teeth hidden might be a subtle reversal of the primitive tooth-baring aggression signal. People sometimes smile to show their superiority, to communicate contempt or derision, and to make others feel less powerful. You might call it a sneer. The mechanics of a dominance smile are different than reward or affiliative smiles.
A dominance smile is more likely to be asymmetrical: One side of the mouth rises, and the other side remains in place or pulls downward. In addition to these movements, dominance smiles may also include a lip curl and the raising of an eyebrow to expose more of the white part of the eye, both of which are powerful signals of disgust and anger.
Researchers tested the saliva of people on the receiving end of a dominance smile and found higher levels of cortisol, the stress hormone, for up to 30 minutes after the negative encounter. The study also found that the sneer raised heart rates among the participants. This kind of smile is a nonverbal threat, and the body responds accordingly. According to research , even the most experienced law enforcement officials only spot liars about half the time.
Nevertheless, there have been studies that revealed smile patterns among people who were actively trying to deceive others in high-stakes situations. A study conducted a frame-by-frame analysis of people filmed while publicly pleading for the return of a missing family member.
Half of those individuals were later convicted of killing the relative. Among the deceivers, the zygomaticus major muscle — the one that pulls your lips into a smile — repeatedly fired. Not so with those who were genuinely grief-stricken. The sheer dexterity of human emotion is astonishing. Experts at the National Institutes of Health think that the ability to smile and laugh during the grieving process protects you while you recover.
0コメント